The chapter follows the intersecting lives of Robert Moses and Alfred E. Smith, two men whose unlikely partnership would leave a lasting mark on New York’s political landscape. At the heart of the story is a vivid contrast between their backgrounds and the different routes that led each to public service, as well as an exploration of how their relationship shaped the direction of reform and governance in the state.
Robert Moses grew up surrounded by privilege. His childhood was filled with private tutors, leisurely afternoons in Central Park, and the confidence that came from his family’s social standing. Academic success came easily to him, and he carried himself with the assurance that his upbringing allowed. Alfred E. Smith, on the other hand, knew only hardship in the crowded streets of New York’s Fourth Ward. Raised in a Catholic neighborhood under the shadow of Tammany Hall, Smith lost his father early and left school at thirteen to help support his family. His education was limited, and he was known more for his lively personality than for any scholarly achievements. Smith’s entry into politics wasn’t born from academic distinction but from necessity and the connections he forged, especially through the support of Tammany Hall boss Tom Foley.
The chapter takes a closer look at the personalities and social skills that set Moses and Smith apart. For Smith, lacking wealth meant he had to rely on sociability and friendship to climb the political ladder. He became a familiar face in parish theater, was always ready to lend a hand with sensitive community issues, and steadily built his influence in local clubs. His loyalty to family and community, along with his dependability, earned him opportunities from Tammany Hall. When Smith was elected to the state assembly, he initially found the legislative process overwhelming, struggling with the technical language and formalities due to his limited schooling. Still, his approachable nature helped him fit in, and over time, he learned the ropes of state politics.
Smith’s early legislative career was defined by hard work and persistence. He spent countless nights poring over bills, determined to master the details, even when his committee assignments were unimpressive and his finances were stretched thin. Rather than seek a more comfortable job, Smith stuck with it, gradually earning respect from colleagues on both sides of the aisle. He formed important friendships with figures like Jimmy Wadsworth and Robert Wagner, and his growing expertise, combined with his engaging personality, eventually made him a standout speaker and a leading Democrat. Yet his rise was not without controversy. Reformers and newspapers often accused him of being a Tammany puppet, especially after his involvement with the contentious “Murphy Charter.” Despite these criticisms, Smith’s journey from overlooked assemblyman to influential majority leader highlighted his resilience and ability to adapt.
A pivotal moment arrived with the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, which spurred Smith and other reformers to push for stronger labor protections. Smith joined the State Factory Investigating Commission, where his commitment and compassion won over even his critics. He championed reforms like better working conditions and widows’ pensions, and his genuine advocacy led many to see him as a true force for social change. Although Republican opposition initially blocked some of his efforts, Smith’s leadership was recognized when Democrats regained control, and he was elected Assembly Speaker in 1913.
Smith’s ascent defied the expectations set for someone of his background. As Speaker, he managed to balance Tammany interests with a push for progressive reforms, especially in areas like workmen’s compensation and labor rights. He encouraged Tammany to support social welfare legislation, understanding both its real benefits and its political value. Under Charlie Murphy’s guidance, Tammany began to back Smith’s reform agenda, which eventually led to Smith’s nomination for Governor in 1918—a turning point for both Smith and the party.
Smith’s election as governor was a powerful symbol for immigrants and the working class. He showed his independence by appointing reformers and even Republicans to important positions, and he favored compromise over rigid ideology. Though he remained wary of most reformers, Smith developed a close, almost familial bond with Robert Moses, bringing him into his trusted circle.
At the same time, Robert Moses was making a name for himself in the reform movement. Recruited by Richard Childs for his dedication to scientific management and municipal reform, Moses quickly became a key player, advocating for social welfare and greater transparency in government. However, as his relationship with Smith deepened, Moses began to shift from an idealistic reformer to a more pragmatic political operator. His aggressive tactics during the 1922 gubernatorial campaign alienated many of his former allies and undermined the nonpartisan spirit of the reform movement. In the end, Moses fully embraced his new role within Smith’s administration, setting the stage for a powerful partnership that would shape the next era of New York politics.